Language Modes Essay Example for Free

Language Modes Essay Language expressions is the term regularly utilized by instructors to depict the educational plan territory that incorporates four methods of language: tuning in, talking, perusing, and composing. Language expressions instructing comprises an especially significant region in educator training, since tuning in, talking, perusing, and composing pervade the educational plan; they are fundamental to learning and to the showing of learning in each substance territory. Instructors are accused of directing understudies toward capability in these four language modes, which can be investigated in a few different ways. Tuning in and communicating in include oral language and are frequently alluded to as essential modes since they are obtained normally in home and network situations before kids come to class. Perusing and composing, the composed language modes, are procured in an unexpected way. Despite the fact that kids from educated conditions frequently come to class with significant information about printed language, perusing and composing are broadly viewed as the schools duty and are officially instructed. An alternate method of collection the language modes is as per the handling associated with their utilization. Talking and composing require building messages and passing on them to others through language. In this manner they are expressive modes. Tuning in and perusing, then again, are progressively responsive modes; they include building importance from messages that originate from others language. (For the individuals who are hard of hearing, visual and spatial language modesâ€watching and signingâ€replace oral language modes. At the point when one thinks about how kids learn and use language, be that as it may, these divisions become to some degree fake. Whatever we mark them, all modes include correspondence and development of significance. In successful language expressions educating, a few modes are normally utilized in every movement or set of related exercises. For instance, understudies in writing gatherings may understand writing, talk about it, and expound on it accordingly diaries. In 1976 Walter Loban distributed an investigation of the language development of 338 understudies who were seen from kindergarten through evaluation twelve. He discovered positive relationships among the four language modes both as far as how understudies created competency in each, and of how well understudies eventually utilized them. His investigation showed the between connections among the four language modes and impacted instructors to address and all the more completely incorporate each of them four in study halls. Models of Language Arts Instruction Many changes in language expressions guidance have occurred in American schools since 1980. To comprehend these changes, one must be familiar with the three essential models that have offered ascend to varieties in language expressions educational plan throughout the years: the legacy model, the skills model, and the procedure or understudy focused model. Each model comprises a conviction framework about the structure and substance of guidance that prompts certain instructional methodologies and techniques. The legacy model, for instance, mirrors the conviction that the motivation behind language expressions guidance is to transmit the qualities and customs of the way of life through the investigation of an endless supply of writing. It additionally centers around settled upon modes and classes of composing, to be aced through guided composing encounters. The capabilities model, then again, radiates from the conviction that the main motivation behind language expressions guidance is to create authority of a progressive system of language-related abilities (especially in perusing and writing) in the student. This model backers the educating of these abilities in a foreordained succession, by and large through utilization of basal perusers and reviewed language expressions course readings in which the instructional exercises mirror this direction. Most of grown-ups in this nation likely experienced rudimentary level language expressions guidance that was situated in the skills model, trailed by secondary school English guidance that fundamentally mirrored the legacy model. Guidance in both of these models relies intensely upon the utilization of sequenced educational programs, messages, and tests. The third model of language expressions guidance, the procedure model, is very not quite the same as the other two models. The educational program isn't dictated by writings and tests; rather, this model anxieties the consolation of language forms that lead to development in the language skills (both composed and oral) of understudies, just as introduction to expansive substance. The interests and needs of the understudies, alongside the information and interests of the instructor, decide the particular educational program. Accordingly understanding materials, composing types and points, and conversation exercises will shift from study hall to homeroom and even from understudy to understudy inside a study hall. Credible evaluation is the standard in these homerooms, that is, appraisal that develops from the genuine language work of the understudies as opposed to from formal tests. Unmistakably the procedure model prompts more adaptable and changed educational plan and guidance than the other two models. While the legacy and capabilities models have gone under analysis for being excessively inflexible and inert to understudy contrasts, the procedure model has been censured as excessively unstructured and conflicting to constantly give all understudies adequate establishing in language substance and abilities. In reality, educators of language expressions for the most part endeavor to enable their understudies to create capability in language use, create comprehension of their own and different societies, and experience and practice the procedures of perusing and composing. In this way it appears that the three models are not fundamentally unrelated. They do, be that as it may, reflect various needs and accentuations, and most educators, schools, as well as educational systems adjust convictions and practices essentially with some model. Concentrate on Outcomes From an authentic point of view, checked moves in language expressions guidance have occurred. In the mid twentieth century, course books and appointed readings, composing assignments, and tests came to rule the language expressions educational plan. Guidance was portrayed by a lot of examination of language and writings, on the hypothesis that training in investigating language and drill in right structures would lead understudies to improved utilization of language and capability in perusing, composing, and talk. Guidance was completely instructor driven; writing and composing themes were chosen by the educator; spelling, language structure, and handwriting were educated as unmistakable subjects; and composing was vivaciously amended yet sometimes truly instructed as in piece is regularly educated today. During the 1980s a move toward the procedure model developed in progress of numerous language expressions scholars and the distributed acts of some powerful educators including Donald Graves, Lucy M. Calkins, and Nancie Atwell. In 1987 the National Council of Teachers of English and the Modern Language Association supported a Coalition of English Associations Conference. Instructive pioneers from all levels met up at the meeting to talk about over a significant time span language expressions instructing and to propose headings and objectives to control the educating of language expressions in the years paving the way to and moving into the twenty-first century. The gathering report determined the perfect results of viable language expressions guidance, as far as the language information, capacities, and mentalities of understudies. These results were to a great extent process arranged, as outlined by the accompanying instances of results for understudies leaving the rudimentary evaluations, as announced by William Teale in Stories to Grow On (1989): * They will be perusers and journalists, people who discover joy and fulfillment in perusing and composing, and who make those exercises a significant piece of their regular daily existences. * They will utilize language to get themselves as well as other people and understand their reality. As a methods for pondering their lives, they will take part in such exercises as recounting and hearing stories, understanding books and verse, and keeping diaries. Standards to manage educational plan improvement developed from the meeting members settled upon understudy results, and, similar to the results, the standards were wide and process-centered. For instance, two of the first standards are: Curriculum ought to advance from a sound research information base and The language expressions educational program ought to be student focused. Elaborations on these and other educational plan objectives strayed from before proposals in that they included homeroom based ethnographic research, or activity look into, just as customary fundamental research in the information base that illuminates the instructing regarding language expressions. There was likewise understanding that course books serve best as assets for exercises, however that the best language expressions educational programs are not content driven; rather they are made by singular instructors for shifting networks of understudies.

Needy Theory of Virginia Henderson Free Samples for Students

Question: Exhibit and Analysis of the Literature Specific to the Chosen Theory. Answer: Presentation Virginia was brought up in the Kansas City, Missouri, in the year 1963. She was known as the Modern-Day Mother of Nursing, and she obtained the title of the Nightingale of current nursing. She joined the Army School of Nursing in 1921 at the Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C. to seek after a certificate in Nursing. After consummation of her school examines, she was ingested to work at the Henry Street Visiting Service. She worked for a limit of two years following graduation, and later on, she continued to show nursing at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia. In 1929, Virginia Henderson enlisted for a single men degree at Teachers College at the Columbia University and graduated in 1932. In any case, in a similar establishment, she graduated with a bosses degree in the year 1934. She turned into a partner analyst at the Yale University School of Nursing in 1953(Boittin, Lagoutte, Lantz, 2002). Virginia was granted a few privileged doctoral degrees from various colleges l ike; the Catholic University of America, University of Western Ontario among numerous others. She passed on in 1996. In this article paper, I will clarify the purposes behind picking the scholar Virginia, examine her hypothesis and how it applies in the contemporary nursing practice. Purpose behind Choosing Virginia Henderson Virginia was a committed and decided researcher, who had made extraordinary miles in observing that nursing changed and modernized. In this way, known as a Mother-Day Modern Nursing. She demonstrated her energy for improving nursing through her difficult work. After her first certificate degree, she didn't simply unwind there since she got assimilated following college. After a brief length of rehearsing she understood that more was required to be done so that later on nursing understudies don't think that its hard to relate hypothetical work with genuine field nursing practice. She continued to do her qualification and experts. Virginia brought to presence The Need Theory dependent on the interrelationship among ideas and the genuine human needs(George, 2011). Additionally, I picked her since she stayed more often than not in improving the nature of nursing. For example, she revised the fourth release of Harmers great reading material of nursing in 1939, and later she composed the f ifth version and joined her own meaning of nursing in 1991. The Need Theory Virginia Henderson solidly held that her meaning of nursing was her Concept and worried on the hugeness of expanding the patients freedom to guarantee that progress curtained subsequent to being admitted(Henderson, 1966). Moreover, she felt free to isolate nursing exercises into a sum of fourteen segments all of which fixated on the human needs. She gave a medical attendants job a depiction as a substitute, supplement and a supplement with the primary goal of helping the patient until she/he becomes independent(McEwen Wills, 2002). Virginia had characterized nursing as the one of a kind capacity which a medical attendant does to help a person who is wiped out or well, or in the tranquil passing procedure. She felt free to recommend that the fourteen parts are fundamental to advance powerful mind in nursing. Among the fourteen components, the initial nine are physiological; the tenth and fourteenth are the mental parts of correspondence and learning process. At last, the twelfth compo nent and thirteenth are both sociological and adjusted to the occupation and diversion. parts vital for successful nursing care Typical relaxing. Take sufficient suppers and beverages every day. Disposal of body squanders. Development and upkeep of attractive body wellness. Enough rest and rest. Appropriateness in dress. Upkeep of the internal heat level in the normal range through changes on the apparel and natural adjustment. Keeping the body spotless and all around prepped consistently and the integument ensured. Be cautious in nature to keep away from threats and be aware of others not to harm them. Powerful correspondence with others to share and express ones feelings, needs, the apprehensions or own sentiments. Opportunity of love according to ones confidence. Work towards achieving set objectives. Attempt recreational activities and exercises. Making advancements and innovations towards the sound turn of events and propelling wellbeing and the use of accessible wellbeing assets. The Need Theory Assumptions The Need hypothesis which was created by Virginia maintains significant suppositions. Attendants assume an essential job in the minding of patients until the patient recover and be at the situation to deal with him/herself indeed. The entirety of the patients want to recover soon and continue their ordinary life. Medical caretakers show commitment towards improving the wellbeing state of the patient both day and night(Bradshaw, 1995). At last, medical caretakers ought to get a chance to attempt college concentrates in the two expressions and sciences. In the event that such open doors emerge, medical caretakers will gain a more extensive field of information which will help them to improve their nursing characteristics. For instance, if medical caretakers are outfitted well with data innovation, they will be in a decent situation to share thoughts and ideas carefully, attempt modernized research and find any progressions in nursing care from the whole world through the web. The Need Theory and the Four Key Concepts Virginia applied four ideas which extensively covers the Need Theory concerning the human needs. To begin with, she utilized the individual idea to think of the hypothesis. In the individual idea, she quickly features that she had fundamental needs, for example, that of attire, asylum, and food that are significant parts of good wellbeing. She felt free to express that as a person requires the central needs and energetic help with the way toward getting great medicinal services and independence(Virginia, 1997). She further contends that the body and brain can't be isolated and the two are interrelated from numerous points of view. She finishes up by saying that hypothesis sees the patient as a blend of parts with the natural, mental, sociological, and the otherworldly needs. Also, she utilized the ecological idea where individual lives and is encircled by different segments including families. She centers around the interrelations between an individual and the families. Besides, she places into thought all the conditions both outside and inside that influences the lifestyles and, its development and development(Butts Rich, 2013). Quickly, she gives a conversation on the network sway on the relationship of a person with his/her relatives. She finishes up and expresses that a network significantly impacts the life of an individual through different ways, for example, good and backing, prompt, care and comfort during troublesome occasions. Moreover, Virginia applied the wellbeing idea in expounding how her hypothesis secured in regards to principal human needs. She focuses on that medical caretakers ought to be at the front line driving wellbeing advancement crusades and encouraging the majority to play it safe, avoidance, and fix. She says that counteraction is superior to cure(Association, 2010). She finishes up on the idea by contending that great wellbeing ought to be a taken as a test which influences all individuals. Furthermore, Virginia applied the idea of nursing which includes the arrangement of nursing care to a person who is frail and unfit to play out the fourteen needs. She says that through nursing an individual is helped and given satisfactory help in meeting his/her life needs and playing out the exercises until the time he//she recovers freedom. Medical attendants help to cause the patient to feel like a total, entire or a free person(Fulton, 1987). According to the idea, numerous desires are put on the medical caretaker to direct the doctors helpful center nursing care plan for a person. The medical caretaker is carefully required to have aptitudes and information in the act of nursing care according to the expert set of principles and nursing norms and morals. Highlights of The Need Theory The Need Theory has particular highlights which incorporate; the interrelation of bio-physiology, culture, and collaboration correspondence ideas for the central human needs. She had acquired every one of these ideas from various trains, for example, that of Maslows hypothesis. The meaning of nursing and segments presented by Virginia are very sensible, and all the fourteen components give a reasonable rule to the individual and the medical attendant in accomplishing set goals(Thorne Hayes, 1996). The hypothesis is very straightforward and can be effortlessly summed up. Besides, the methodology applies to the strength of all people cutting over the various ages, race and social foundation. Likewise, the hypothesis shapes the reason for speculations testing, aids the arrangement of wide information and aptitudes inside the nursing discipline. At last, the hypothesis thoughts were completely acknowledged and actualized in the nursing practice. The Shortcomings of The Needy hypothesis The hypothesis neglects to show unmistakably the association between physiological highlights and the other human characteristics(Henderson V. , 1987). Moreover, there is no understanding of the comprehensive idea of the person. Besides, the presumption set to organize the fourteen parts neglects to maintain its lucidity. Virginia says that a medical caretaker helps the patient in the perishing procedure however she neglects to uncover how the attendant ought to do that, and furthermore, serene passing is only an inquisitive and a noteworthy pretended by a medical attendant. To wrap things up, the hypothesis neglects to diagram the between connections of elements and its impact in nursing care. Utilization of the Need Theory on the contemporary nursing practice In the present nursing practice, the Need hypothesis can be applied successfully for the improvement and hurrying of the state of a patient in a medical clinic. For example, let us center around

Essay Topics For University of Delaware Students

Essay Topics For University of Delaware StudentsThe University of Delaware is a great place to be a graduate, but some of the University of Delaware essay topics are rather challenging. The essay should be so compelling that the reader will want to get to the end and put the essay to bed.The University of Delaware essay topics are well known for their great writing and amazing numbers of references, so it is important to create an interesting topic for your assignment. However, there are no set rules for how to do this.If you feel that you would like to write about a dissertation topic that is not well known or that has not been written on before, you might want to check out the details of the topic. Many people create a dissertation topic that has never been written about before and if you are able to find something interesting about the topic, you may want to write about it. However, do not over do it by writing a dissertation topic that you had never seen before.Also, do not feel pressured into writing on essay topics that you know very little about. You should find something you can do from the information available in the essay that will interest you and also make you proud of yourself. The essay should be informative and reflective of who you are as a person.It is best if you are able to find a dissertation topic that you really enjoy reading about, then use it to begin your writing skills. You should try to come up with something that is not already on the internet. Also, try to come up with an essay topic that will be unique to you.This means that you have to not only think of the perfect topic for your essay topics, but also you should think of ways in which you will be able to show that the topic you are writing about is something that you believe is important for you to write about. You should also have fun with the essay topic that you come up with.At the end of the day, do not be afraid to experiment and do what you feel like doing with your essay topics. By creating one that is original and thought out, you are sure to come up with an essay topic that will be outstanding.

literature Essay examples - 2709 Words

LITERATURE I. FICTION A. What fiction is Fiction (from the Latin fictio, â€Å"a shaping, a counterfeiting†) is a name for stories not entirely factual, but at least partially shaped, made up, imagined. It is true that in some fiction, such as historical novel, a writer draws upon factual information in presenting scenes, events, and characters. But the factual information in a historical novel, unlike that in a history book, is of secondary importance. Fiction as we know it today is considered to be a relatively new genre compared to poetry and drama. The tradition of fiction started with myth and legend and allegory. But the fictional characters in these imaginary worlds were mostly one-dimensional abstractions, personified as Love,†¦show more content†¦Plot Plot is the arrangement of events in a story, or the structure of the action. The action in a plot is usually progressive because one force acts upon another. Plot begins with an exposition: the opening portion that sets the scene (if any), introduces the main characters, tells us what happened before the story opened, and provides any other background information that we need in order to understand and care about the events to follow. D. The short story In a short story, a form more realistic than the tale and of modern origin, the writer usually presents the main events in greater fullness. A short story is more than just a sequence of happenings. Some literary short stories, unlike commercial fiction in which the main interest is in physical action or conflict, tell of an epiphany: some moment of insight, discovery, or revelation by which a character’s life, or view of life, is greatly altered. Other short stories tell of a character initiated into experience or maturity. The fable and the tale are ancient forms; the short story is of more recent origin. E. Point of view A critical issue in any short story is its point of view. The importance of point of view may easily be overlooked, but the choice of the narrator influences the total structure of the story. There are basically three points of view:Show MoreRelatedLiterature And The English Literature Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature can briefly be defined as written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit; books and writings published on a particular subject or leaflets and other printed matter used to advertise products or give advice. One of the most popular forms of literature would be English literature. If one would look up the definition for English literature, the best descriptive information would be that it’s impression and format is over one hundred years old, and continuesRead MoreLiterature And Its Influence On Literature1169 Words   |  5 PagesOnce people mention the literature, the Nobel Prize in Literature or some world-famous masterpieces, like Shakespeare’s plays, would pop out of my mind. However, won the Nobel Prize in Literature or not should not be the only measurement to define the literature. Then, whatâ €™s literature? People could define it based on their personal preferences, but the literature, according to the online dictionary, is defined as â€Å"the body of artistic writings of a country or period that are characterized by beautyRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature In Literature1077 Words   |  5 Pages A common question some people ask is if kids should still learn about previous literary works in school. Why do people think this? An example of literature being questioned and not taught in schools as frequently is Shakespeare, there is a common belief among people that Shakespeare’s work does not reflect modern time and has lost its relevance. However, we continue to see literary devices that Shakespeare used in modern works today. Shakespeare employed literary tools, along with his understandingRead MoreLiterature : The Definition Of Literature1302 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature is something that has been around for years and years. The definition of literature has been debated, scrutinized, and analyzed for all of those many years. It has also been debated over if literature has any value and if it is necessary to the world in which we live in. Another question arises when talking about literature is, if it does have any value at all, then how and why should it be tau ght in schools and to younger and future generations. What is literature? It is a questionRead MoreLiterature : My Experiences : The Study Of Literature1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe study of literature is a lost art, like taking a picture with film. It is an item in which you can hang on to forever and create everlasting memories and will always come to use, not something you can just cast aside. As a student, many can attest to the fact that Literature is not as entertaining as other classes may be. However, literature is something in life that you do not appreciate until it’s time to share your knowledge with the world,. Personally, I am thankful that I read many booksRead MoreCaribbean Literature1477 Words   |  6 PagesCaribbean Literature INTRODUCTION The evolution of Caribbean Literature started centuries before the Europeans graced these shores and continues to develop today. Quite noticeably, it developed in a manner which transcended all language barriers and cultures. Today the languages of the Caribbean are rooted in that of the colonial powers - France, Britain, Spain and Holland - whose historical encounters are quite evident throughout the region. The cosmopolitan nature of the regions language andRead MoreLiterature Comparison735 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Comparison Krystal Swafford ENG125 Loretta Crosson October 15, 2012 There are different types and forms of literature. They are novel, drama, poetry, biography, non-fictional prose, essay, epic and short story. All these types of literature have some elements. To complete a piece of literature, a writer, dramatist or a novelist must use certain elements like plot, character, theme, etc. to capture the interest of their readers. When reading literature, there are themes whichRead Morephilippine literature1582 Words   |  7 Pagesenough to dry up the --- sea.   No matter how deep the   --- stream, its depth can be fathomed; the really difficult task is to find a good heart. Before the Christianization of the Philippines, Filipinos had established a heritage of precolonial literature consisting of epics, tales, songs, riddles, and proverbs. With the earliest discoveries dating back to 50000 years ago, this period of Philippine literary History is considered the longest. ---It is often forgotten that the tribal Filipinos hadRead MoreTranscultural Literature And Contemporary World Literature827 Words   |  4 PagesArianna Dagnino in her essay Transcultural Literature and Contemporary World Literature points out that â€Å"with the denationalizing wave of globalization, even national literatures are under pressure to find new arrangements of form and content to adapt to a changed cultural and social paradigm. In other words, a mutation is under way within the global acumen of letters where new notions of belonging, as well as definitions of selfhood and identity are externalized through new creative artistic andRead MoreLiterature and Journalism1988 Words   |  8 PagesCo. 2006 Glencoe Literature; The Readers Choice Columbus Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 2003 Hudson,W.H An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Harrap 1963 Ousby, I. Cambridge Guide to Literature in English Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1996. Hornsby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. OUP 2005 MASENO UNIVERSITY FACULTY : ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT : LINGUISTICS, LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE UNIT CODE: ALI 805 UNIT TITLE: LITERATURE AND JOURNALISM

literature Essay examples - 2709 Words

LITERATURE I. FICTION A. What fiction is Fiction (from the Latin fictio, â€Å"a shaping, a counterfeiting†) is a name for stories not entirely factual, but at least partially shaped, made up, imagined. It is true that in some fiction, such as historical novel, a writer draws upon factual information in presenting scenes, events, and characters. But the factual information in a historical novel, unlike that in a history book, is of secondary importance. Fiction as we know it today is considered to be a relatively new genre compared to poetry and drama. The tradition of fiction started with myth and legend and allegory. But the fictional characters in these imaginary worlds were mostly one-dimensional abstractions, personified as Love,†¦show more content†¦Plot Plot is the arrangement of events in a story, or the structure of the action. The action in a plot is usually progressive because one force acts upon another. Plot begins with an exposition: the opening portion that sets the scene (if any), introduces the main characters, tells us what happened before the story opened, and provides any other background information that we need in order to understand and care about the events to follow. D. The short story In a short story, a form more realistic than the tale and of modern origin, the writer usually presents the main events in greater fullness. A short story is more than just a sequence of happenings. Some literary short stories, unlike commercial fiction in which the main interest is in physical action or conflict, tell of an epiphany: some moment of insight, discovery, or revelation by which a character’s life, or view of life, is greatly altered. Other short stories tell of a character initiated into experience or maturity. The fable and the tale are ancient forms; the short story is of more recent origin. E. Point of view A critical issue in any short story is its point of view. The importance of point of view may easily be overlooked, but the choice of the narrator influences the total structure of the story. There are basically three points of view:Show MoreRelatedLiterature And The English Literature Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature can briefly be defined as written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit; books and writings published on a particular subject or leaflets and other printed matter used to advertise products or give advice. One of the most popular forms of literature would be English literature. If one would look up the definition for English literature, the best descriptive information would be that it’s impression and format is over one hundred years old, and continuesRead MoreLiterature And Its Influence On Literature1169 Words   |  5 PagesOnce people mention the literature, the Nobel Prize in Literature or some world-famous masterpieces, like Shakespeare’s plays, would pop out of my mind. However, won the Nobel Prize in Literature or not should not be the only measurement to define the literature. Then, whatâ €™s literature? People could define it based on their personal preferences, but the literature, according to the online dictionary, is defined as â€Å"the body of artistic writings of a country or period that are characterized by beautyRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature In Literature1077 Words   |  5 Pages A common question some people ask is if kids should still learn about previous literary works in school. Why do people think this? An example of literature being questioned and not taught in schools as frequently is Shakespeare, there is a common belief among people that Shakespeare’s work does not reflect modern time and has lost its relevance. However, we continue to see literary devices that Shakespeare used in modern works today. Shakespeare employed literary tools, along with his understandingRead MoreLiterature : The Definition Of Literature1302 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature is something that has been around for years and years. The definition of literature has been debated, scrutinized, and analyzed for all of those many years. It has also been debated over if literature has any value and if it is necessary to the world in which we live in. Another question arises when talking about literature is, if it does have any value at all, then how and why should it be tau ght in schools and to younger and future generations. What is literature? It is a questionRead MoreLiterature : My Experiences : The Study Of Literature1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe study of literature is a lost art, like taking a picture with film. It is an item in which you can hang on to forever and create everlasting memories and will always come to use, not something you can just cast aside. As a student, many can attest to the fact that Literature is not as entertaining as other classes may be. However, literature is something in life that you do not appreciate until it’s time to share your knowledge with the world,. Personally, I am thankful that I read many booksRead MoreCaribbean Literature1477 Words   |  6 PagesCaribbean Literature INTRODUCTION The evolution of Caribbean Literature started centuries before the Europeans graced these shores and continues to develop today. Quite noticeably, it developed in a manner which transcended all language barriers and cultures. Today the languages of the Caribbean are rooted in that of the colonial powers - France, Britain, Spain and Holland - whose historical encounters are quite evident throughout the region. The cosmopolitan nature of the regions language andRead MoreLiterature Comparison735 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Comparison Krystal Swafford ENG125 Loretta Crosson October 15, 2012 There are different types and forms of literature. They are novel, drama, poetry, biography, non-fictional prose, essay, epic and short story. All these types of literature have some elements. To complete a piece of literature, a writer, dramatist or a novelist must use certain elements like plot, character, theme, etc. to capture the interest of their readers. When reading literature, there are themes whichRead Morephilippine literature1582 Words   |  7 Pagesenough to dry up the --- sea.   No matter how deep the   --- stream, its depth can be fathomed; the really difficult task is to find a good heart. Before the Christianization of the Philippines, Filipinos had established a heritage of precolonial literature consisting of epics, tales, songs, riddles, and proverbs. With the earliest discoveries dating back to 50000 years ago, this period of Philippine literary History is considered the longest. ---It is often forgotten that the tribal Filipinos hadRead MoreTranscultural Literature And Contemporary World Literature827 Words   |  4 PagesArianna Dagnino in her essay Transcultural Literature and Contemporary World Literature points out that â€Å"with the denationalizing wave of globalization, even national literatures are under pressure to find new arrangements of form and content to adapt to a changed cultural and social paradigm. In other words, a mutation is under way within the global acumen of letters where new notions of belonging, as well as definitions of selfhood and identity are externalized through new creative artistic andRead MoreLiterature and Journalism1988 Words   |  8 PagesCo. 2006 Glencoe Literature; The Readers Choice Columbus Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 2003 Hudson,W.H An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Harrap 1963 Ousby, I. Cambridge Guide to Literature in English Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1996. Hornsby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. OUP 2005 MASENO UNIVERSITY FACULTY : ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT : LINGUISTICS, LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE UNIT CODE: ALI 805 UNIT TITLE: LITERATURE AND JOURNALISM

literature Essay examples - 2709 Words

LITERATURE I. FICTION A. What fiction is Fiction (from the Latin fictio, â€Å"a shaping, a counterfeiting†) is a name for stories not entirely factual, but at least partially shaped, made up, imagined. It is true that in some fiction, such as historical novel, a writer draws upon factual information in presenting scenes, events, and characters. But the factual information in a historical novel, unlike that in a history book, is of secondary importance. Fiction as we know it today is considered to be a relatively new genre compared to poetry and drama. The tradition of fiction started with myth and legend and allegory. But the fictional characters in these imaginary worlds were mostly one-dimensional abstractions, personified as Love,†¦show more content†¦Plot Plot is the arrangement of events in a story, or the structure of the action. The action in a plot is usually progressive because one force acts upon another. Plot begins with an exposition: the opening portion that sets the scene (if any), introduces the main characters, tells us what happened before the story opened, and provides any other background information that we need in order to understand and care about the events to follow. D. The short story In a short story, a form more realistic than the tale and of modern origin, the writer usually presents the main events in greater fullness. A short story is more than just a sequence of happenings. Some literary short stories, unlike commercial fiction in which the main interest is in physical action or conflict, tell of an epiphany: some moment of insight, discovery, or revelation by which a character’s life, or view of life, is greatly altered. Other short stories tell of a character initiated into experience or maturity. The fable and the tale are ancient forms; the short story is of more recent origin. E. Point of view A critical issue in any short story is its point of view. The importance of point of view may easily be overlooked, but the choice of the narrator influences the total structure of the story. There are basically three points of view:Show MoreRelatedLiterature And The English Literature Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature can briefly be defined as written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit; books and writings published on a particular subject or leaflets and other printed matter used to advertise products or give advice. One of the most popular forms of literature would be English literature. If one would look up the definition for English literature, the best descriptive information would be that it’s impression and format is over one hundred years old, and continuesRead MoreLiterature And Its Influence On Literature1169 Words   |  5 PagesOnce people mention the literature, the Nobel Prize in Literature or some world-famous masterpieces, like Shakespeare’s plays, would pop out of my mind. However, won the Nobel Prize in Literature or not should not be the only measurement to define the literature. Then, whatâ €™s literature? People could define it based on their personal preferences, but the literature, according to the online dictionary, is defined as â€Å"the body of artistic writings of a country or period that are characterized by beautyRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature In Literature1077 Words   |  5 Pages A common question some people ask is if kids should still learn about previous literary works in school. Why do people think this? An example of literature being questioned and not taught in schools as frequently is Shakespeare, there is a common belief among people that Shakespeare’s work does not reflect modern time and has lost its relevance. However, we continue to see literary devices that Shakespeare used in modern works today. Shakespeare employed literary tools, along with his understandingRead MoreLiterature : The Definition Of Literature1302 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature is something that has been around for years and years. The definition of literature has been debated, scrutinized, and analyzed for all of those many years. It has also been debated over if literature has any value and if it is necessary to the world in which we live in. Another question arises when talking about literature is, if it does have any value at all, then how and why should it be tau ght in schools and to younger and future generations. What is literature? It is a questionRead MoreLiterature : My Experiences : The Study Of Literature1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe study of literature is a lost art, like taking a picture with film. It is an item in which you can hang on to forever and create everlasting memories and will always come to use, not something you can just cast aside. As a student, many can attest to the fact that Literature is not as entertaining as other classes may be. However, literature is something in life that you do not appreciate until it’s time to share your knowledge with the world,. Personally, I am thankful that I read many booksRead MoreCaribbean Literature1477 Words   |  6 PagesCaribbean Literature INTRODUCTION The evolution of Caribbean Literature started centuries before the Europeans graced these shores and continues to develop today. Quite noticeably, it developed in a manner which transcended all language barriers and cultures. Today the languages of the Caribbean are rooted in that of the colonial powers - France, Britain, Spain and Holland - whose historical encounters are quite evident throughout the region. The cosmopolitan nature of the regions language andRead MoreLiterature Comparison735 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Comparison Krystal Swafford ENG125 Loretta Crosson October 15, 2012 There are different types and forms of literature. They are novel, drama, poetry, biography, non-fictional prose, essay, epic and short story. All these types of literature have some elements. To complete a piece of literature, a writer, dramatist or a novelist must use certain elements like plot, character, theme, etc. to capture the interest of their readers. When reading literature, there are themes whichRead Morephilippine literature1582 Words   |  7 Pagesenough to dry up the --- sea.   No matter how deep the   --- stream, its depth can be fathomed; the really difficult task is to find a good heart. Before the Christianization of the Philippines, Filipinos had established a heritage of precolonial literature consisting of epics, tales, songs, riddles, and proverbs. With the earliest discoveries dating back to 50000 years ago, this period of Philippine literary History is considered the longest. ---It is often forgotten that the tribal Filipinos hadRead MoreTranscultural Literature And Contemporary World Literature827 Words   |  4 PagesArianna Dagnino in her essay Transcultural Literature and Contemporary World Literature points out that â€Å"with the denationalizing wave of globalization, even national literatures are under pressure to find new arrangements of form and content to adapt to a changed cultural and social paradigm. In other words, a mutation is under way within the global acumen of letters where new notions of belonging, as well as definitions of selfhood and identity are externalized through new creative artistic andRead MoreLiterature and Journalism1988 Words   |  8 PagesCo. 2006 Glencoe Literature; The Readers Choice Columbus Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 2003 Hudson,W.H An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Harrap 1963 Ousby, I. Cambridge Guide to Literature in English Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1996. Hornsby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. OUP 2005 MASENO UNIVERSITY FACULTY : ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT : LINGUISTICS, LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE UNIT CODE: ALI 805 UNIT TITLE: LITERATURE AND JOURNALISM

literature Essay examples - 2709 Words

LITERATURE I. FICTION A. What fiction is Fiction (from the Latin fictio, â€Å"a shaping, a counterfeiting†) is a name for stories not entirely factual, but at least partially shaped, made up, imagined. It is true that in some fiction, such as historical novel, a writer draws upon factual information in presenting scenes, events, and characters. But the factual information in a historical novel, unlike that in a history book, is of secondary importance. Fiction as we know it today is considered to be a relatively new genre compared to poetry and drama. The tradition of fiction started with myth and legend and allegory. But the fictional characters in these imaginary worlds were mostly one-dimensional abstractions, personified as Love,†¦show more content†¦Plot Plot is the arrangement of events in a story, or the structure of the action. The action in a plot is usually progressive because one force acts upon another. Plot begins with an exposition: the opening portion that sets the scene (if any), introduces the main characters, tells us what happened before the story opened, and provides any other background information that we need in order to understand and care about the events to follow. D. The short story In a short story, a form more realistic than the tale and of modern origin, the writer usually presents the main events in greater fullness. A short story is more than just a sequence of happenings. Some literary short stories, unlike commercial fiction in which the main interest is in physical action or conflict, tell of an epiphany: some moment of insight, discovery, or revelation by which a character’s life, or view of life, is greatly altered. Other short stories tell of a character initiated into experience or maturity. The fable and the tale are ancient forms; the short story is of more recent origin. E. Point of view A critical issue in any short story is its point of view. The importance of point of view may easily be overlooked, but the choice of the narrator influences the total structure of the story. There are basically three points of view:Show MoreRelatedLiterature And The English Literature Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature can briefly be defined as written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit; books and writings published on a particular subject or leaflets and other printed matter used to advertise products or give advice. One of the most popular forms of literature would be English literature. If one would look up the definition for English literature, the best descriptive information would be that it’s impression and format is over one hundred years old, and continuesRead MoreLiterature And Its Influence On Literature1169 Words   |  5 PagesOnce people mention the literature, the Nobel Prize in Literature or some world-famous masterpieces, like Shakespeare’s plays, would pop out of my mind. However, won the Nobel Prize in Literature or not should not be the only measurement to define the literature. Then, whatâ €™s literature? People could define it based on their personal preferences, but the literature, according to the online dictionary, is defined as â€Å"the body of artistic writings of a country or period that are characterized by beautyRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature In Literature1077 Words   |  5 Pages A common question some people ask is if kids should still learn about previous literary works in school. Why do people think this? An example of literature being questioned and not taught in schools as frequently is Shakespeare, there is a common belief among people that Shakespeare’s work does not reflect modern time and has lost its relevance. However, we continue to see literary devices that Shakespeare used in modern works today. Shakespeare employed literary tools, along with his understandingRead MoreLiterature : The Definition Of Literature1302 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature is something that has been around for years and years. The definition of literature has been debated, scrutinized, and analyzed for all of those many years. It has also been debated over if literature has any value and if it is necessary to the world in which we live in. Another question arises when talking about literature is, if it does have any value at all, then how and why should it be tau ght in schools and to younger and future generations. What is literature? It is a questionRead MoreLiterature : My Experiences : The Study Of Literature1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe study of literature is a lost art, like taking a picture with film. It is an item in which you can hang on to forever and create everlasting memories and will always come to use, not something you can just cast aside. As a student, many can attest to the fact that Literature is not as entertaining as other classes may be. However, literature is something in life that you do not appreciate until it’s time to share your knowledge with the world,. Personally, I am thankful that I read many booksRead MoreCaribbean Literature1477 Words   |  6 PagesCaribbean Literature INTRODUCTION The evolution of Caribbean Literature started centuries before the Europeans graced these shores and continues to develop today. Quite noticeably, it developed in a manner which transcended all language barriers and cultures. Today the languages of the Caribbean are rooted in that of the colonial powers - France, Britain, Spain and Holland - whose historical encounters are quite evident throughout the region. The cosmopolitan nature of the regions language andRead MoreLiterature Comparison735 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Comparison Krystal Swafford ENG125 Loretta Crosson October 15, 2012 There are different types and forms of literature. They are novel, drama, poetry, biography, non-fictional prose, essay, epic and short story. All these types of literature have some elements. To complete a piece of literature, a writer, dramatist or a novelist must use certain elements like plot, character, theme, etc. to capture the interest of their readers. When reading literature, there are themes whichRead Morephilippine literature1582 Words   |  7 Pagesenough to dry up the --- sea.   No matter how deep the   --- stream, its depth can be fathomed; the really difficult task is to find a good heart. Before the Christianization of the Philippines, Filipinos had established a heritage of precolonial literature consisting of epics, tales, songs, riddles, and proverbs. With the earliest discoveries dating back to 50000 years ago, this period of Philippine literary History is considered the longest. ---It is often forgotten that the tribal Filipinos hadRead MoreTranscultural Literature And Contemporary World Literature827 Words   |  4 PagesArianna Dagnino in her essay Transcultural Literature and Contemporary World Literature points out that â€Å"with the denationalizing wave of globalization, even national literatures are under pressure to find new arrangements of form and content to adapt to a changed cultural and social paradigm. In other words, a mutation is under way within the global acumen of letters where new notions of belonging, as well as definitions of selfhood and identity are externalized through new creative artistic andRead MoreLiterature and Journalism1988 Words   |  8 PagesCo. 2006 Glencoe Literature; The Readers Choice Columbus Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 2003 Hudson,W.H An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Harrap 1963 Ousby, I. Cambridge Guide to Literature in English Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1996. Hornsby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. OUP 2005 MASENO UNIVERSITY FACULTY : ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT : LINGUISTICS, LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE UNIT CODE: ALI 805 UNIT TITLE: LITERATURE AND JOURNALISM

literature Essay examples - 2709 Words

LITERATURE I. FICTION A. What fiction is Fiction (from the Latin fictio, â€Å"a shaping, a counterfeiting†) is a name for stories not entirely factual, but at least partially shaped, made up, imagined. It is true that in some fiction, such as historical novel, a writer draws upon factual information in presenting scenes, events, and characters. But the factual information in a historical novel, unlike that in a history book, is of secondary importance. Fiction as we know it today is considered to be a relatively new genre compared to poetry and drama. The tradition of fiction started with myth and legend and allegory. But the fictional characters in these imaginary worlds were mostly one-dimensional abstractions, personified as Love,†¦show more content†¦Plot Plot is the arrangement of events in a story, or the structure of the action. The action in a plot is usually progressive because one force acts upon another. Plot begins with an exposition: the opening portion that sets the scene (if any), introduces the main characters, tells us what happened before the story opened, and provides any other background information that we need in order to understand and care about the events to follow. D. The short story In a short story, a form more realistic than the tale and of modern origin, the writer usually presents the main events in greater fullness. A short story is more than just a sequence of happenings. Some literary short stories, unlike commercial fiction in which the main interest is in physical action or conflict, tell of an epiphany: some moment of insight, discovery, or revelation by which a character’s life, or view of life, is greatly altered. Other short stories tell of a character initiated into experience or maturity. The fable and the tale are ancient forms; the short story is of more recent origin. E. Point of view A critical issue in any short story is its point of view. The importance of point of view may easily be overlooked, but the choice of the narrator influences the total structure of the story. There are basically three points of view:Show MoreRelatedLiterature And The English Literature Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature can briefly be defined as written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit; books and writings published on a particular subject or leaflets and other printed matter used to advertise products or give advice. One of the most popular forms of literature would be English literature. If one would look up the definition for English literature, the best descriptive information would be that it’s impression and format is over one hundred years old, and continuesRead MoreLiterature And Its Influence On Literature1169 Words   |  5 PagesOnce people mention the literature, the Nobel Prize in Literature or some world-famous masterpieces, like Shakespeare’s plays, would pop out of my mind. However, won the Nobel Prize in Literature or not should not be the only measurement to define the literature. Then, whatâ €™s literature? People could define it based on their personal preferences, but the literature, according to the online dictionary, is defined as â€Å"the body of artistic writings of a country or period that are characterized by beautyRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature In Literature1077 Words   |  5 Pages A common question some people ask is if kids should still learn about previous literary works in school. Why do people think this? An example of literature being questioned and not taught in schools as frequently is Shakespeare, there is a common belief among people that Shakespeare’s work does not reflect modern time and has lost its relevance. However, we continue to see literary devices that Shakespeare used in modern works today. Shakespeare employed literary tools, along with his understandingRead MoreLiterature : The Definition Of Literature1302 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature is something that has been around for years and years. The definition of literature has been debated, scrutinized, and analyzed for all of those many years. It has also been debated over if literature has any value and if it is necessary to the world in which we live in. Another question arises when talking about literature is, if it does have any value at all, then how and why should it be tau ght in schools and to younger and future generations. What is literature? It is a questionRead MoreLiterature : My Experiences : The Study Of Literature1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe study of literature is a lost art, like taking a picture with film. It is an item in which you can hang on to forever and create everlasting memories and will always come to use, not something you can just cast aside. As a student, many can attest to the fact that Literature is not as entertaining as other classes may be. However, literature is something in life that you do not appreciate until it’s time to share your knowledge with the world,. Personally, I am thankful that I read many booksRead MoreCaribbean Literature1477 Words   |  6 PagesCaribbean Literature INTRODUCTION The evolution of Caribbean Literature started centuries before the Europeans graced these shores and continues to develop today. Quite noticeably, it developed in a manner which transcended all language barriers and cultures. Today the languages of the Caribbean are rooted in that of the colonial powers - France, Britain, Spain and Holland - whose historical encounters are quite evident throughout the region. The cosmopolitan nature of the regions language andRead MoreLiterature Comparison735 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Comparison Krystal Swafford ENG125 Loretta Crosson October 15, 2012 There are different types and forms of literature. They are novel, drama, poetry, biography, non-fictional prose, essay, epic and short story. All these types of literature have some elements. To complete a piece of literature, a writer, dramatist or a novelist must use certain elements like plot, character, theme, etc. to capture the interest of their readers. When reading literature, there are themes whichRead Morephilippine literature1582 Words   |  7 Pagesenough to dry up the --- sea.   No matter how deep the   --- stream, its depth can be fathomed; the really difficult task is to find a good heart. Before the Christianization of the Philippines, Filipinos had established a heritage of precolonial literature consisting of epics, tales, songs, riddles, and proverbs. With the earliest discoveries dating back to 50000 years ago, this period of Philippine literary History is considered the longest. ---It is often forgotten that the tribal Filipinos hadRead MoreTranscultural Literature And Contemporary World Literature827 Words   |  4 PagesArianna Dagnino in her essay Transcultural Literature and Contemporary World Literature points out that â€Å"with the denationalizing wave of globalization, even national literatures are under pressure to find new arrangements of form and content to adapt to a changed cultural and social paradigm. In other words, a mutation is under way within the global acumen of letters where new notions of belonging, as well as definitions of selfhood and identity are externalized through new creative artistic andRead MoreLiterature and Journalism1988 Words   |  8 PagesCo. 2006 Glencoe Literature; The Readers Choice Columbus Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 2003 Hudson,W.H An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Harrap 1963 Ousby, I. Cambridge Guide to Literature in English Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1996. Hornsby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. OUP 2005 MASENO UNIVERSITY FACULTY : ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT : LINGUISTICS, LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE UNIT CODE: ALI 805 UNIT TITLE: LITERATURE AND JOURNALISM

Diabetes A Growing Issue - 1149 Words

Diabetes mellitus has been a growing issue in the United States. Type 2 diabetes has been in the spotlight due to the rapidly increasing numbers of obese Americans. Many people suffering from type 2 diabetes can control or overcome the disease by adopting a healthier lifestyle. Unfortunately, not all diabetics can correct or prevent the problem with better diet and exercise. Type 1 diabetes can affect anyone; including people with a healthy lifestyle. At this time, there is no known cure for Type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes, is a chronic autoimmune condition in which the pancreas no longer produces insulin. The lack of insulin makes it impossible for the glucose to enter cells to be used as energy. The onset of the disease happens very quickly and can occur at any age. For people with type 1 diabetes, the problem begins in the pancreas. The pancreas contains the Islets of Langerhans, which are groups of many different types of cells. The can be around 3,000 to 4,000 cells in each cluster. The beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin, can be found in the islets of Langerhans. In the case of the type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system damages or destroys the beta cells. This means the cells can no longer provide adequate amounts of insulin. With no insulin to facilitate the transfer of glucose to the cells, unhealthy blood glucose levels develop along with many other complications. After carbohydrates are consumed,Show MoreRelatedDiabetes, The Fastest And Largest Growing Health Issue Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesType 2 diabetes report: Samantha Johnstone ‘Does obesity contribute to a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes’ Diabetes is the fastest and largest growing health issue in New Zealand. Diabetes is a disease that has reached epidemic proportions internationally and within the New Zealand community. It is the leading cause of blindness, kidney failure and lower limb amputations. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (adult-onset diabetes mellitus)Read MoreObesity Is The Silent American Murderer Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pages Many Americans are not aware of the prevalent issue of obesity; obesity is an expensive disease to treat, and it is also likely to lead to severe health implications such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and more. Obesity is a large issue for Americans. Harvard Men’s Health Watch says, â€Å"Obesity is not a new problem. Forty years ago, 4 of every 10 Americans were overweight or obese. But obesity is a growing problem, and it’s growing quickly; today, two of every three Americans needRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes855 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes Mellitus Type 2 is on the rise in the United States, with a new case diagnosed every 30 seconds (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, 2015). Diabetes is similarly on the rise in Africa, with an estimated 8 million cases to be diagnosed by 2025 (Mbanya,2006, p. 1628-1629). The standard of care for a diabetes patient is the same however, regardless of the continent. However due to the economic restraints of Africa, the standard of care is not feasible for most and the patient therefore suffersRead MorePhysical Education Is A Subject That Many People Overlook1547 Words   |  7 Pagesis just as important as math or science and that it could prevent childhood obesity or help a child with diabetes. Elementary physical education is more than just running around and playing games. Although it may seem that way to a child, to parents, we should realize that physical education is a subject area for our children to grow, to be healthy and also learn about health related issues and information about health throughout the physical education curriculum. Physical education class willRead MoreTaking a Look at Diabetes636 Words   |  3 PagesDiabetes is a disease that affects millions of people around the world. Diabetes has become a rapidly growing issue that has drawn concern from both doctors and patients alike. Around 25 million people in the United States have diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes. Also around 80 million people have pre-diabetes mellitus. There are almost two million people who are diagnosed with diabetes each year. If diabetes rates don’t soon begin to drop, an estimated one in every three adults will haveRead MoreChildhood Obesity And The United S tates1286 Words   |  6 Pagesmore than tripled which has caused a growing pandemic of childhood obesity in the United States. Out of all the young children and adolescents within the age group of two through nineteen about 12.7 million are obese. That is the equivalent of about 17% of America’s population that is suffering from childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is too prevalent in all American households. Childhood obesity is detrimental on a national scale, since it has been growing at a steady rate in the United StatesRead MoreFood For The Quality Of Food855 Words   |  4 Pagesthat will give them the proper amount of nutrients. The diseases that are developing are also a huge problem because our bodies are already mismatched to our environment, so giving us humans more food that is not nutritionally adequate makes this issue much worse. 5) From Food Culture to Food Science Pollan discusses how the glamor of the western diet has overwhelmed the traditions of food. The traditions have been replaced with science, marketing and journalism. Nutritionism has also led toRead MoreEssay about Global Health and Diabetes1323 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal health is defined as â€Å"health problems, issues, or concerns that transcend national borders† (Institute of Medicine, 1997, p. 2). Koplan (2009) proposed a new definition for global health which he described as an â€Å"area for study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide† (para, 7). Global health emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions from an interdisciplinary perspective and blendsRead MoreDiabetes : A Common And Well Known Disease1564 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Diabetes is a common and well-known disease in the US. Healthcare providers manage the care of patients daily as both direct and indirect effects of diabetes contribute to their poor health. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is characterized by high blood sugar levels as a result of insulin resistance. The risk factors associated with an increasing prevalence in the US includes genetics, family history, poor eating habits, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity.1 Healthcare providers are challengedRead MoreDiabetes As A Western Disease1489 Words   |  6 Pagesreactions and energy we obtain from food we eat. While some food may make us active and full of energy, some may make us sluggish and lazy. Diabetes has been around for decades, as the increase in assortment of food and different varieties have become assessable to individuals globally, we have been dealt with a larger problem than many predicated. Diabetes started as a western disease has made its way to being a global problem with many or ganizations leading the fight to find ways to reduce the

International Business Agricultural Marketing Management

Question: Describe about the International Business for Agricultural Marketing Management. Answer: Country Data Chile Mexico Population 17.8 million 120 million Area of country 756,096 km 1.973 million km GDP US$ billions 240 1,161 GDP per capita US$ 13 300 US$ 9 592 GDP per capita PPP US$ 23 563 US$ 18 335 Inflation 4.4% 2.8% Unemployment 6.6% 4.3% Urbanisation 90% 79% Gini Index Income equality Poorest 20% Wealthiest 20% .52 4.77% of nations income 56.7% of nations income .50 4.19% of nations income 54.6% of nations income Major exports Copper, fish, wine, chemicals Paper and pulp Manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, fruit, vegetables Major imports Petroleum, electronics, telecom equipment, natural gas, industrial machinery Industrial and agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, aircraft Adults 25-64 who completed upper secondary education 71% 34% Human development Index .832 (Very High Category) .75 (High Category) Conclusion 1 On the basis of the present data, it can be said that the economic condition of Chile is much better than Mexico in spite of being a highly populated area. This shows that the household income of Chile is more than Mexicos income, which means the people residing in Chile is getting higher compensation than the people living in Mexico. While comparing both the countries, it is evident that Chile has most responsible macro-economic policies and effective legal system when compared with all other Latin American countries. The internal market of Mexico is unfavorable due to its geographical positions. Conclusion 2 On the other hand, the inflation rate, urbanization and unemployment are also higher in Chile in comparison to Mexico. The higher rate of inflation is the indicator of decreasing purchasing power of citizens. The higher rate of unemployment shows negative effects on the economy while the higher rate of urbanization shows positive effects on the economy. It is because of the reason that degree of freedom in Chile is much higher than in the other countries. It has the highest ranked infrastructures, institutions and macro-environment. The market of Chile is much efficient than the other countries market. Conclusion 3 The income equality and the literacy rate of Chile are higher than Mexico. The income equality and growth go hand in hand. Greater income inequality is the indicator of poor life expectancy and happiness. But the economy, where the income equality is higher, the people gets more selfish, breaks the laws and rules, and is less concerned about others. Higher income individuals loss their privilege positions that in turn lead to the lower economic standings. The transparency in the system of Chile has led to lower corruption. This has led to the investment of overseas businesses leading to the creation of the stable economy. Conclusion 4 Human development index is higher in Chile in comparison to the index of Mexico. Another thing that supports the exporting and importing business of Chile is the stronger fiscal and monetary policies that have been established due to cooperation of financial institutions. Mexico is the major exporter of oil and oil products, manufactured goods, vegetables, fruits and silver and major importer of electrical equipment, aircraft, Industrial and agricultural machinery. Mexico is ranked among 12th largest export economy of the world due to its strongest trade partners. First-mover advantages In the context of business, the first mover advantage is referred to the benefits enjoyed by the firms while facing the consequences of early entry in the market. The major benefit is the economic profit, but some of the studies have suggested that measures for survival in the market or higher share of market are the major advantage(Isa, 2016). For the Australian Char Heat Beat, early entry in the market means the adoption of higher-risk strategies. Often, it is found that first movers of the market prove to be successful in comparison to the rivalry firms entering into the market later on(Suarez Lanzolla, 2005). It is because of the reason that established firms like Australian Char Heat Beat were advised to track the early market development and chase the fast follower strategy. The potential existence of the first movers was appreciated for choosing optimal timings for entry. The firm that enters into the evolution of market later were characterized as followers(Ettington, 2016). If Australian Char Heat Beat will enter into the market, then they will be able to differentiate among the entrants by categorizing them as late followers and fast followers. First-mover disadvantages The first movers also pertain to some disadvantages like first movers require that they should develop such products that are unique in market and that require higher investment(Gurumurthy, 1998). For Australian Char Heat Beat, there is need of higher investment so that a product should not get imitated with other products that already exist in a market. For getting necessary information about the tastes of consumers and products market positioning, a heavy expenditure on advertisement and promotion is required. Moreover, the fruits of pioneer labour are also enjoyed by the second entrants(Fernandez, 2016). By taking the advantage of newer technology, second mover develops their enhanced products(fao, 2016). It may also be possible that Australian Char Heat Beat will bear the economic burden for the development of new market. References Ettington, D. R. (2016). First-Mover Advantage. Retrieved August 26, 2016, from referenceforbusiness: https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ex-Gov/First-Mover-Advantage.html fao. (2016). Global agricultural marketing management. Retrieved August 26, 2016, from fao: https://www.fao.org/docrep/w5973e/w5973e0b.htm Fernandez, R. (2016). The competitive effect of entry in mobile markets. Gurumurthy, G. K. (1998, July 01). strategy+business. Retrieved August 26, 2016, from Strategy-business: https://www.strategy-business.com/article/18881?gko=64116 Isa, C. M. (2016). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Entry Timing Choices in International Market Expansion by Malaysian Construction Firms. Suarez, F., Lanzolla, G. (2005). The Half-Truth of First-Mover Advantage. Retrieved August 26, 2016, from hbr: https://hbr.org/2005/04/the-half-truth-of-first-mover-advantage

The Effects Of Other People On Macbeth Essays -

The Effects Of Other People On Macbeth The Effect's of Other People on Macbeth Upon hearing the witches prophecies, Macbeth is set on a path of deterioration that causes him to become blinded by ambition. Lacy Macbeth aids in his downfall, as she pushes him to become so ambitious that it eventually kills him. Lady Macbeth's cold nature acts a the catalyst that starts Macbeth on his path to self destruction. He suffers mentally, at first, by getting tormented by his power-hungry wife. Then, when she dies, it is her soul that causes Macbeth to get tormented by his own over-ambitious self. Macbeth encounters the three witches while on a journey with his companion Banquo. They tell Macbeth of future titles he is to have, yet he doesn't believe them. They hail Macbeth, calling him Thane of Cawdor and tell him he shalt be kind hereafter. This perplexes Macbeth because such titles seem far from the truth. At this point Macbeth does not crave the titles as he later will. After the witches tell Banquo his sons shall be kings, Macbeth becomes interested in his supposed fate because the Thane of Cawdor lives and Macbeth finds it impossible to perceive himself as Thane of Cawdor or king. Banquo sees the prophecy about Macbeth becoming king coming true and then he proceeds to warn Macbeth that often times, to win us harm, the instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest trifles, to betray's in deepest consequence. Banquo, too, seems to predict Macbeth's fate. The witches tell the truth, but in the end it is betrayal that rises up over truth. Macbeth's mind is still stable at this point, but is beginning to become somewhat shaky. When the king greets Macbeth with gratitude, all Macbeth can think about is the prediction that he will become king. It is now that the poison of desire begins to seep into Macbeth's mind. After the king announces that his son, Malcolm, will become king Macbeth starts to ponder murder. Macbeth can't wait and allow the prophecy to take its course and hopefully come true; he must take action and force it to become a reality. That is a step on which I must fall down, or else o'erleap, for in my way it lies. Macbeth compares Malcolm to a step that could vanquish Macbeth's now earnest desire to become king unless Macbeth should get Malcolm out of the way. Malcolm comes in-between Macbeth and his drive to be king and so Macbeth must eradicate Malcolm. Macbeth now has the mindset of an unstoppable conqueror. He must succeed in getting what he wants. Macbeth then sends a letter to Lady Macbeth that tells of the strange prophecies. The thought of murder immediately comes to her mind, indicating that she is more willing to kill to get what she wants as opposed to Macbeth who does not think of killing the king right away. Without verbally consulting with Macbeth first, she says that he will become king. Then she begins to fear his nature because it is too full o' the milk of human kindness. This shows that it is Lady Macbeth who has the stronger passion to kill the king so Macbeth can be crowned. She is determined to pour my spirits in thine ear and chastise with the valor of my tongue all that impedes thee from the golden round. Lady Macbeth wants the crown even more than Macbeth does, as she will punish all that may come in Macbeth's, and her, way. Lady Macbeth feels that she must kill Duncan when he comes over for dinner. This is even more apparent when she describes the raven's croak as even hoarser than before. Lady Macbeth dem onstrates her full evil potential when she summons spirits to rid her of her womanly properness and fill me from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty so that she may have the numbness and masculinity to go through with the murder herself. She doesn't want her conscience to exist and calls the spirits to make thick me blood. It is as if she has already died. Lady Macbeth takes control and tells Macbeth to put this night's great business

How to avoid bias when hiring new employees

How to avoid bias when hiring new employees At this point, you could probably recite employment discrimination law in your sleep. You know what you have to avoid, by law- religion, race, family status, etc. Not news to you. But while you’re already working hard to avoid straight-up discrimination into the hiring process, are you allowing its quieter, insidious cousin- bias- to sneak in through the back door and affect your hiring decisions?Understand the difference between conscious and unconscious bias.Bias is a part of human nature, to varying degrees. It’s simply prejudice toward something or against another. And when bias is explicit, or conscious, it is pretty straightforward. It’s thoughts and statements like:I don’t like people who are _______.  I prefer to associate with people who _______.  I want to hire someone who thinks like me on this particular topic.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});  Basically, it’s a clear predisposition that you ackno wledge (even if only to yourself). Ideally, you don’t let these conscious prejudices sway your hiring, but at least it’s a known quantity that you can acknowledge and work on.Unconscious bias is a bit tougher. It’s prejudice against people or ideas that you may not even realize you have. Unconscious bias includes assumptions or things that you might accept as â€Å"true† without realizing that they’re stereotypes or generalizations. This includes thoughts and statements like:Women aren’t good at the hard sciences.[Cultural group] aren’t very hard workers.Men just aren’t very empathetic.[Cultural group] are good at math.See how those work? They may seem like they’re based on â€Å"how the world works,† but really they’re assumptions and prejudices that may have very little to do with the actual person in front of you, applying for a job.If you’re curious about your own biases and learning more about h ow this implicit bias works, the Harvard-developed Implicit Association Test (IAT) can shed some light (though you might want to be mentally prepared to learn some not-ideal things about yourself).Having unconscious bias doesn’t make you a bad person, or necessarily a racist/sexist/whatever-ist. It just means you need to do two things:Understand how your unconscious biases might be affecting decisions like hiring.Overcoming that to make sure you’re hiring based entirely on qualifications and fitness for the job, not assumptions.Making hiring based on biases may not be illegal (depending on what the bias is, and whether it affects a protected class), but in today’s diverse, more-aware world, it can absolutely hurt your hiring and your company. You want to make sure you’re recruiting great people, full stop, but also that you’re doing right by your applicants. Overcoming bias also helps you with diversifying your hires, and bringing new perspectives to your company.Bias is a function of human nature, which means it’s not going away anytime soon. You can’t train it away, you can’t ignore it away, and you can’t policy-write it away. So that means you have to be more creative: make sure you’re taking it out of the hiring process as much as possible. Let’s look at some of the ways you can help eliminate- or at least reduce- bias in the process.Rethink your job descriptions.You might not think of job description wording as a potential source of bias, but†¦it’s the first place to look. Research has shown that women are less likely to apply for jobs that have â€Å"masculine-coded† language, and vice versa (though to a lesser extent). And these are words you might not typically think of as one gender or another, but they carry unconscious connotations along the lines of â€Å"men are aggressive, dynamic leaders† and â€Å"women are consensus-builders and team members .†Some examples of masculine-coded words:IndependentDrivenLeadingActiveSome examples of feminine-coded words:SupportCooperateHonestInterpersonalNone of these words are bad for a job description, per se, but it’s important to be aware of the connotations they can carry. If you’re concerned about your own job descriptions, this Gender Decoder for Job Ads can help you figure out what language you might be using that unconsciously discourages some applicants from even applying.Come up with an impersonal resume review system.Studies have shown that resumes can be rife with opportunities for unconscious bias- starting at the literal top of the document. Researchers have found that something as simple as a name that is easily recognizable as a particular ethnic group or gender can trigger bias in the hiring decisions. Some companies are removing that temptation by making sure names, photos, and any identifying info is removed from a resume before a hiring manager or rec ruiter reads it, but you don’t necessarily have to go to those lengths. It can be as easy as making sure you have a scoring system that ensures you’re evaluating resumes on the same playing field. For example: a certain number of points for a particular educational credential, or points assigned for different levels of experience. That way, each candidate gets a score based solely on what’s in the resume- and not based on who you think the person is.Recruit more broadly.One of the biggest sources of bias in the hiring process isn’t racial, cultural, or gender-based: it’s education-based. Companies tend to be biased toward big names on resumes: Stanford, Ivy League, Wharton, etc. We gravitate toward those because they’re well-known as top quality schools, but think about it: do you really need someone who paid for top-shelf education, or do you really need someone who brings the right skill set and experience to the job? It’s probably the latter. The brand name doesn’t actually guarantee applicant quality, so open your mind to other schools, and make sure you’re looking at the full context. You may be dazzled by Candidate A, with the Yale pin on her jacket, but miss that Candidate B, with the State U education, has some stellar qualifications as well.If it’s that Yale has a great Computer Science program and that’s what you want in your candidate, do some research on other top Computer Science programs, and look for candidates from those schools as well- schools that may not have quite the word-of-mouth impression that the Ivies have. Like with the personal biases, creating a name-agnostic point system (where certain educational qualifications, not necessarily the school names), are weighted.Set your criteria up front.Before you read a single resume or set up an interview, make sure you’re clear on the criteria you want to use to fill the position. Set your expectations of educa tion level, experience, skills beforehand- ideally in writing. If you use that rubric to evaluate candidates equally, you’re less likely to let â€Å"gut feelings† or other subjective reasons sway your hiring decision.Keep evaluating.Once you’ve done your best to eliminate bias in your hiring, it’s important to keep an eye on the process to make sure that bias isn’t sneaking back in, and that your efforts are effective. For example, if you’re trying to get more gender diversity in your applicants, but still find that you’re getting (or hiring) male candidates at the same rate as before, it’s time to go back and revisit the process again. Are there any more unconsciously biased phrases in the job description? Are you unconsciously giving preference to Male Candidate over Female Candidate for an arbitrary reason, or for a legitimate reason? Make sure you’re honest about the decisions you’re making, and why. And reme mber: it’s not that you’re a bad recruiter or a prejudiced person if you find that bias might be affecting your hiring decisions. We’re all subject to bias at one time or another. But it’s never too late to acknowledge the sway that these biases can have (even when we think we’re being fair), and to be mindful about how to make the process more fair for everyone.

Approaches To Hr By Multinational Corporations Management Essay

Approaches To Hr By Multinational Corporations Management Essay For better understanding this is important to discuss what a multinational company is in first place. In short words multinational company can be defined as a company or an organization that serves or produce in more than one country is known as multinational company. Other names use for such kind of organizations is Multinational Corporation (MNC), Transnational Corporation (TNC) or Multinational Enterprise (MNE). Multinational organization can be engaged in manufacturing, services or the exploitation of natural resources in the operating countries. Different writers described different definition of multinational companies. According to Moore & Lewis (1999, P. 21) stated that â€Å"an enterprise that engages in foreign direct investment (FDI) and own or controls value – adding activities in more than one country is known as multinational enterprise†. As Jones (1996, p.4) says â€Å"An MNE is usually defined as firm that controls operations or income generating asset s in more than one country.† There is a long list of multinational firms like Sony, Nestle, Wal-Mart Stores, General Motors, Ford Motor, ConocoPhillips Microsoft, Nokia, Toyota Motors, Intel, Coco-Cola, Sony, IBM, Nike and Citigroup etc. Now the main question is about the multinational companies of different origin adopt different approaches of HRM practices. To discuss this section this is really important to discuss the HRM practices in first place, to define what HRM is and then its practices will be discussed throughout this essay step by step, and then practices of HRM in broader context for the MNCs or MNEs. HRM is modern word use in the businesses, which can be defined as â€Å"a model of personnel management that focuses on the individual rather than taking collective approach†. (www.dictionary.bnet.com). As Pennington & Edwards (2000, P. 4) stated that â€Å"Human Resource Management (HRM) is a new way of thinking about how people should be managed as employee s in the workplace†. It can be classified into two schools of thoughts.i.e. Hard HRM & Soft HRM. Both types of HRM are under studies of different authors in detail. Now to concentrate on the question directly a survey is going to be under studies â€Å"Country of origin effects and HRM in multinational companies† which took place in 2007 by P. Edwards et al. In which he discussed 302 UK based multinational companies, which cover both UK – owned and overseas – owned companies. This study will play an important part in the essay to get the conclusion either multinational companies of different nationalities have different HRM approaches and practices or not. 2- Challenges in multinationals According to Brett, Jeanne & Kristin, 2006, international business’s nature is going under a sea change. The globalisation, multi-nationalisation, and the geographical diversification is pushing companies towards change in their management structure and style. Multi nationals now need to consider regional market conditions and develop strategies to cater to each of the regional markets. 2.1- Culture shock Culture shock is the big challenge for multinationals, the difference brings the different thinking ways and working ways, and it needs time to adjust it. In most cases the expatriate manager prefer to emphasize and require the home office or home country values on the host country’s employees instead of accepting and learning within the new culture. (Adler, 2002)

Description of the Market and Market Metrics Essay

Description of the Market and Market Metrics - Essay Example The SMEs chosen for the product are located in good numbers and they may require this product to have better communication with their partners and clients. The government organizations have been chosen, to convince the authorities who will recommend or approve the products usage. This will help in promoting the product among government and the related organizations. Large corporate organizations in the Rift Valley Region need to reduce their running costs and one of the ways they can do so is by having a reliable and cost effective means of doing their regular essential forms of business communication. Capturing this market will increase the product value and make it more sellable. The fourth market chosen is the education sector. It has been chosen as a target market as one of the ways to help the government achieve its goals on education for all (EFA) by taking e-learning to their homes. SMEs have been chosen as one of the targeted markets because the Rift Valley Region of Kenya is the largest and one of the most economically vibrant provinces. It has a good number of Small and Medium Enterprises running businesses in this area. The government of Kenya has good intentions in advancing it’s style of working. It intends to adapt to more technological methods that will enhance the speed, quality and reliability of work between its various offices. Thus the Kenyan government could extend a warm welcome to this new Telecon software which is capable of revolutionizing the working system of the government authorities. The large corporate organizations present in the Rift valley region are situated sparsely and they need new technologies to improve their performance. The are corporate with good financial background, they intend to increase their profit with the aid of new communication methods like Telecon. In the

Hitler Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hitler - Research Paper Example During his time in jail for the failed coup, he wrote a memoir, titled â€Å"my struggle† and after release in 1924 gained a lot of popular support for his attacks on The treaty of Versailles and the promotion of anti-Semitism, Pan-Germany agenda and anti communism (Giblin, p 12). It is this initial support that was a beginning to his consolidation of power and elevation as the supreme leader of Nazi Germany. His career as a decorated war veteran and an intelligence officer gave him an opportunity to acquire crucial information on soldiers and the German worker Party (DAP) and served as a platform to prepare him for the huge task of uniting Germans around a cause, however evil. While at the DAP, Hitler got the chance to meet several influential people who later had a significant input on his ideologies and opinion among them Dietrich Eckart, a member of Thule Society, an occult organization that shared Nazi ideologies that were later implemented by Hitler in his quest for world dominance (Gonen, p 88). Hitler’s ideologies The ideologies of Adolf Hitler were threefold, social, political and social. On the social front, he believed in Germany for Germans and no other. To this effect, only bona fide members of the country were to be the states’ citizens and ‘foreigners’, which included Jews, Gypsies and others, were to be eradicated. Jews were to be eradicated by turning people against them (anti-Semitism). All Germans were to be mentally and physically healthy and therefore people with mental and physical disabilities were to be completely eradicated. Those who destroyed the Nazi’s common interests were also to be fought (Haynes, p53).

The Use of Nuclear Power as a Weapon :: essays research papers

The Use of Nuclear Power As a Weapon August 6th,1945 is not a day to be forgotten.It marks the world’s first use of an atomic bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the US Military. Three days later, the USA dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki, bringing WW II to an end. In total, more than 140.000 people were estimated to be killed. Although the most memorable effects of the atomic bomb were the mass amounts of death, the development of the atomic bomb has greatly influenced American society and the world. The scientific development surrounding the atomic bomb has been a pivotal point in the world’s history, launching us into the Atomic Age. The cause of building an atomic bomb in the USA was that, on the August 2nd 1939, some scientists wrote to president Roosevelt about the efforts in Nazi Germany to purify Uranium-235 with which might be turned to be used to build an atomic bomb. It was shortly thereafter that the US Government began serious undertaking known as the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was designed to research and production that would produce an atomic bomb. The first cause of using the nuclear power as an atomic power was that the Americans had believed that Japan would never surrender during the WW II. Japan had occupied the islands on the coast of Pacific and they were cruel to the people living there. As a result, some Americans thought that Japan had deserved to be taught a lesson. Another cause for using the nuclear power, that the bomb costed $2 billion, so it would have been difficult to justify not using it after such a huge financial investment. By 1945, the project had nearly 40 laboratories and factories which employed 200,000 people. That was more than the total amount of people employed in the US automobile industry in 1945.The total cost of the project was $2 billion which is about the equivalent of $26 billion today. The final cause of using the atomic bomb was to show the superiority to the USSR because during the war, the USA and the USSR were fighting for different sides, they were rivals, resulting in showing the world who the strongest of all was, so the USA dropped the bomb. These four events tell us that why the nuclear power used as a weapon and changed the world and the effects of this change felt at all levels: in the world history, on the countries, on human beings and on the scientific development, launching us into the Atomic Age.

The Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace

Most people would think that wars are launched because a country needs more territory, or because a country's borders are threatened, or because of appeasement. The real reason for war is that countries begin to feel that their honor is threatened; they feel that other nations are not giving them the worth and dignity they deserve, and so they take to the battlefield. On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace, Dr. Kagan is a classical scholar who hopes to get politicians and statesmen to understand history so as not to repeat it. He reminds that this was the intention of Thucydides of ancient Greece who wrote a history of the Peloponnesian Wars for â€Å"those who wish to have a clear understanding both of events in the past and of those in the future which will, in all human likelihood, happen again in the same or a similar way. † His book starts with the Peloponnesian War of the fifth century B. C. – -the subject of a four-volume history Kagan finished in 1987–and ends with the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. He also analyzes the Second Punic War of 218 to 201 B. C. World War I, and World War II. War usually arrives over long distances and long stretches of time. For instance, in 226 B. C. Rome was by far the most powerful state in the Western world, but it concluded a treaty with Carthage which was expanding its influence in what is now Spain. The treaty sought to preserve the peace. Eight years later, after many twisting and turnings and concessions by Rome, it led to war. Rome limited the expansion of Carthage to the area south of the Ebro River, and it looked like an order delivered by Rome, not a concession. Actually, Kagan writes, â€Å"†¦ it was an attempt at appeasement in a moment of weakness and fear, the effect of which was to neither soothe nor deter but to inflame and encourage the Carthaginians. † The aftermath included events, which almost destroyed Rome's fortunes: Hannibal's arrival at the head of a powerful army in Italy itself and the beginning of the 18-year Second Punic War. Two wars, the First Opium War 1839-42 and the Second Opium War 1856- 60, waged by Britain against China to enforce the opening of Chinese ports to trade in opium. Opium from British India paid for Britain' s imports from China, such as porcelain, silk, and, above all, tea. The First Opium War, between Britain and China, resulted in the cession of Hong Kong to Britain and the opening of five treaty ports. Other European states were also subsequently given concessions. The Second Opium War followed between Britain and France in alliance against China, when there was further Chinese resistance to the opium trade. China was forced to give the European states greater trading privileges, at the expense of its people. 839-42 and 1856-60, two wars between China and Western countries. The first was between Great Britain and China. Early in the 19th cent British merchants began smuggling opium into China in order to balance their purchases of tea for export to Britain. In 1839, China enforced its prohibitions on the importation of opium by destroying at Guangzhou (Canton) a large quantity of opium confiscated from British merchants. Great Britain, which had been looking to end China's restrictions on foreign trade, responded by sending gunboats to attack several Chinese coastal cities. China, unable to withstand modern arms, was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) and the British Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue (1843). These provided that the ports of Guangzhou, Jinmen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai should be open to British trade and residence; in addition Hong Kong was ceded to the British. Within a few years other Western powers signed similar treaties with China and received commercial and residential privileges, and the Western domination of China's treaty ports began. In 1856 a second war broke out following an allegedly illegal Chinese search of a British-registered ship, the Arrow, in Guangzhou. British and French troops took Guangzhou and Tianjin and compelled the Chinese to accept the treaties of Tianjin (1858), to which France, Russia, and the United States were also party. China agreed to open 11 more ports, permit foreign legations in Beijing, sanction Christian missionary activity, and legalize the import of opium. China's subsequent attempt to block the entry of diplomats into Beijing as well as Britain's determination to enforce the new treaty terms led to a renewal of the war in 1859. This time the British and French occupied Beijing and burned the imperial summer palace (Yuan ming yuan). The Beijing conventions of 1860, by which China was forced to reaffirm the terms of the Treaty of Tianjin and make additional concessions, concluded the hostilities. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict is a dangerous and volatile situation that has attracted American attention for some decades. The conflict is a sensitive subject that produces strong emotions in people. This conflict deals with Jewish nationalism, distribution of resources, and politics. About a hundred years ago, Jews underwent a drastic change in their view of themselves. At first a few, and then more, began to call themselves Zionists. Zionism is a term that in its broadest and early sense meant simply the â€Å"return† of Jews to their ancestral homeland. That homeland was called Zion (or Israel) and its heart was Jerusalem, known as the â€Å"City of Zion. Early Zionists were simply pious, nonpolitical, religious Jews who thought they could best practice their faith in the Land of Zion. Some went primarily to pray, to study their religious books, and to await the arrival of the Messiah. Politics played an influential role in their thinking. By the beginning of the 20th century, however, Zionism came to have a political meaning: that Jews were not just a religious or ethnic group but were a nation of people who should have their own state. Today Zionism is the term for Jewish nationalism. Not all Jews agree upon what Zionism is, but to a point there is agreement, it is upon three things: there should be a Jewish state; it should be permanent, independent, and secure; and Jews who are threatened anywhere in the world should be able to go there to be safe. All other issues-the boundaries of the state, the nature of government, relations with the Palestinians, relations with American Jews, religious law-are in dispute. It is important to understand the Palestinian views . Keep in mind two points. First, people respond to the circumstances in which they live. If one is rich, one sees problems one way; if one is unemployed, one sees it a second way; if one owns a small shop, one sees it a third way. One must understand the circumstances in which Palestinians live if we are to understand their positions and actions. Second, there are about five million Palestinians. Like Americans, they disagree on political issues. They also change their minds as new circumstances develop. It is wrong to think Palestinians have a common view that remains unchanged. Their view changed considerably over the years. They view that the Israelis are taking the land rightfully theirs, and are being â€Å"bullied† by Israelis. They are the ones who had their land taken away from them and are left with no where to live. In 1948, there were approximately 860,000 Palestinians inside today's Israel. About 700,000 were driven out or fled during the fighting that followed the declaration of Israeli statehood. The Palestinian population of Jerusalem went from 75,000 to 3,500; of Jaffa from 70,000 to 3,600; of Haifa from 71,000 to 2,900; of Lydda-Ramle from 35,000 to 2,000; of Tiberias from 5,300 to zero. All refugees lost their property (about 800,000 acres were taken for Israeli use. ). The 160,000 Palestinians still in Israel in 1949 when the fighting stopped lost another 250,000 acres. The Palestinians in Israel were left without resources or strong leaders. When the Likud Party took power in 1977, it intensified colonization, pouring some $1 billion into settlement building over the next seven years. Today, land taken from the Palestinians and earmarked for military purposes or Jewish settlements amounts to more than 52% of the most fertile areas of the West Bank and 40% of the Gaza Strip. Only a very small percentage of this land was sold willingly by Palestinians. Most of it was confiscated, and is held to be for Jews only-not-just Jews from Israel, but Jews from anywhere in the world. Many newly arrived immigrants from the United States and Russia are given heavily financed housing in the settlements built on seized Palestinian land. 1990, according to Israeli estimates, will divert 83% of the water from the West Bank to Jewish settlements and Israel. The indigenous Palestinians will get only 17% of their own water. This taking of natural resources from the Palestinians, are the reasons for the rise in conflict. To a large extent Jews and Palestinians are geographically concentrated. Most Jews live in Israel and most Palestinians live in the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem. There are exceptions of course. Many Jews live in the new ring of suburbs around East Jerusalem and in the new settlements in the West Bank and Gaza. And many Arabs live inside of Israel, particularly in Galilee, including Nazareth, and in the Negev Desert in the South. The first comprehensive peace talks between Israel and delegations representing the Palestinians and neighboring Arab states began in October 1991. After Likud lost the parliamentary election of June 1992, Labor party leader Yitzhak Rabin formed a new government. Rabin took a more conciliatory line toward the Palestinians and imposed strict limits on new Jewish settlements in the occupied territories. In 1993, after decades of violent conflict between Palestinians and Israelis, leaders from each side agreed to the signing of an historic peace treaty. Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasir Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin met in the United States on September 13 to witness the signing of the treaty, which paved the way for limited Palestinian self-rule in Israeli-occupied territories. The Gaza-Jericho Agreement was signed in Cairo on May 4, 1994, and applies to the Gaza Strip and to a defined area of about 65 square kilometers including Jericho and its environs. The Gaza-Jericho agreement addresses four main issues-security arrangements, civil affairs, legal matters, and economic relations. The document includes agreement to a withdrawal of Israeli military forces from Gaza and Jericho, a transfer of authority from the Israeli Civil Administration to a Palestinian Authority, the structure and composition of the Palestinian Authority is a Palestinian police force, and relations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. After intensive diplomatic efforts by the United States, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel and Yasser Arafat agreed on September 29, 1996 to go to Washington the following week to seek ways out of a war that has put the entire Israeli-Palestinian peace in jeopardy. Despite the historical tensions of the Middle East, recent issues have arisen to intensify the conflict. Angry Palestinians protested Israel's decision to open an archeological site, the issue becoming one more in a growing number of Middle East tensions. The Muslim crowd feared the excavation of an ancient tunnel, right beside the foundations of Jerusalem's al Aqsa Mosque compound, would undermine what is the third-holiest shrine in Islam after Mecca and Medina. The tunnel excavation dispute is only the latest indication of rising tension between Arabs and Israelis. And the latest death count is 76 (as of October 1, 1996). In conclusion, this is an issue that deals with politics, uneven distribution of resources, and nationalism, and will take a great effort to come to an agreement. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a â€Å"battle† that has a long history that will continue till a mutual understanding and agreement is settled. Until the Israelis and the Palestinians can settle their differences and cooperate with each other, the â€Å"battle† will continue on. â€Å"No new taxes. This is a quote that most all of us remember from the1992 presidential election. Along with it we remember that there were new taxes during that presidents term in office. There are a myriad of promises made and things done in a presidential election year that have questionable motives as to whether they are done in the best interest of the people or in the interests of the presidential candidate. These hidden interests are one of the biggest problems w ith the political aspects of government in modern society. One of the prime examples of this is the Vietnam War. Although South Vietnam asked for our help, which we had previously promised, the entire conflict was managed in order to meet personal political agendas and to remain politically correct in the world's eyes rather than to bring a quick and decisive end to the conflict. This can be seen in the selective bombing of Hanoi throughout the course of the Vietnam War. Politically this strategy looked very good. However, militarily it was ludicrous. War is the one arena in which politicians have no place. War is the military's sole purpose. Therefore, the U. S. Military should be allowed to conduct any war, conflict, or police action that it has been committed to without political interference or control because of the problems and hidden interests which are always present when dealing with polite United States involvement in the Vietnam War actually began in 1950 when the U. S. began to subsidize the French Army in South Vietnam. This involvement continued to escalate throughout the 1950's and into the early 1960's. On August 4, 1964 the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in which American Naval Vessels in South Vietnamese waters were fired upon by North Vietnam. On August 5, 1964 President Johnson requested a resolution expressing the determination of the United Sates in supporting freedom and in protecting peace in southeast Asia (Johnson). On August 7, 1964, in response to the presidential request, Congress authorized President Johnson to take all necessary measures to repel any attack and to prevent aggression against the U. S. n southeast Asia (United States). The selective bombing of North Vietnam began immediately in response to this resolution. In March of the following year U. S. troops began to arrive. Although the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution specifically stated that we had no military, political, or territorial ambitions in southeast Asia, the interests back home were quite a different story (Johnson). The political involvement in Vietnam was about much more than just promised aid to a weak country in order to prevent the spread of communism. It was about money. After all, wars require equipment, guns, tools and machinery. Most of which was produced in the United States. It was about proving America's commitment to stop communism. Or rather to confine communism in its present boundaries But most of all it was about politics. The presidential political involvement in Vietnam had little to do with Vietnam at all. It was about China for Eisenhower, about Russia for Kennedy, about Washington D. C. for Johnson, and about himself for Nixon (Post). The last two of which were the major players in America's involvement in regards to U. S. Troops being used (Wittman). The military involvement in Vietnam is directly related to the political management of the military throughout the war. The military controlled by the politicians. The micro management of the military by the White House for political gain is the primary reason for both the length and cost, both monetary and human, of the Vietnam War (Pelland). One of the largest problems was the lack of a clear objective in the war and the support to accomplish it. The predominant military opinion of the military's role in Vietnam in respect to the political involvement is seen in the following quote by General Colin Powell, â€Å"If you're going to put into something then you owe the armed forces, you owe the American People, you owe just you're own desire to succeed, a clear statement of what political objective you're trying to achieve and then you put the sufficient force to that objective so that you know when you've accomplished it. The politicians dictated the war in Vietnam, it was a limited war, the military was never allowed to fight the war in the manner that they thought that they needed to, in order to win it (Baker). To conclude on the Vietnam War, the political management of the war made it unwinnable. The military was at the mercy of politicians who knew very little about what needed to be done militarily in order to win the war. There is an enormous difference between political judgment and military judgment. This difference is the primary reason for the outcome of the Vietnam War (Schwarzkopf). The United States policy of Vietnamization was a good idea, but the time was not ripe for it to best be used. Nearly all experts in South Vietnam as incapable of handling a combined threat rated Saigon's military strength. True, Vietnamization was not what led to the total withdrawl of troops from Vietnam, but the opinions pressed by Laird had somewhat of an affect on our agreeing to sign a cease-fire agreement. Also, if we had used Vietnamization's program of building up South Vietnam's armed forces more extensively, South Vietnam might still be in existence today. The Gulf War in the Middle East was almost the exact opposite in respect to the political influence on the war. In respect to the military objective of the war the two are relatively similar. The objective was to liberate a weaker country from their aggressor. The United Nation's resolution was explicit in its wording regarding military force in the Persian Gulf. The resolution specifically stated â€Å"by all means necessary. â€Å"(Schwarzkopf). The President was very aware of the problems with political management of warfare throughout the war. He was very determined to let the military call the shots about how the war was conducted. He made a specific effort to prevent the suggestion that civilians were going to try to run the war (Baker). Painful lessons had been learned in the Vietnam War, which was still fresh on the minds of many of those involved in this war (Baker). The military was given full control to use force as they saw fit. Many of the top military leaders had also been involved in the Vietnam War. These men exhibited a very strong never again attitude throughout the planning stages of this war. General Schwarzkopf made the following statement about the proposed bombing of Iraq in regards to the limited bombing in Vietnam, â€Å"I had no doubt we would bomb Iraq if I was going to be the Military Commander. † He went on to say that it would be absolutely stupid to go into a military campaign against his, Iraq's, forces who had a tremendous advantage on us on the ground, numbers wise. It would be ludicrous not to fight the war in the air as much, if not more, than on the ground (Schwarzkopf). The result of the Gulf War in which the military was given control, as we know, was a quick, decisive victory. There were many other factors involved in this than just the military being given control, particularly in contrast to Vietnam, but the military having control played a major part in this victory. In conclusion, although there are some major differences between the two conflicts one fact can be seen very clearly. That is the fact that the military is best suited for conducting wars. Politicians are not. It is not the place of a politicians to be involved in the decision making process in regards to war or military strategy. The White House has significant control in military matters. That control should be used to help the military in achieving its goals, as it was in the Gulf War where George Bush said specifically to let the military do its job. The only alternative to this is to use political influence in the same way that it was used in Vietnam. If we do not learn from these lessons that are so obvious in the differences between these two conflicts then we are condemned to repeat the same mistakes. Lets just pray that it does not take the death of another 58,000 of America's men to learn that the politician's place is not in war but in peace (Roush).